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Daz 3d Content Installer. • • • Presbyterian (or presbyteral) polity is a method of typified by the rule of assemblies of, or elders. Each local church is governed by a body of elected elders usually called the or, though other terms, such as church board, may apply. Groups of local churches are governed by a higher assembly of elders known as the or classis; presbyteries can be grouped into a synod, and presbyteries and synods nationwide often join together in a general assembly. Responsibility for conduct of church services is reserved to an ordained minister or pastor known as a teaching elder, or a minister of the word and sacrament. Presbyterian polity was developed as a rejection of governance by hierarchies of single bishops (), but also differs from the in which each congregation is independent.

In contrast to the other two forms, authority in the presbyterian polity flows both from the top down (as higher assemblies exercise limited but important authority over individual congregations, e.g., only the presbytery can ordain ministers, install pastors, and start up, close, and approve relocating a congregation) and from the bottom up (e.g. Download Browser Java 240x320. , the moderator and officers are not appointed from above but are rather elected by and from among the members of the assembly). This theory of governance developed in under and was introduced to by after his period of exile in Geneva. It is strongly associated with,, and movements, and the and. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • History [ ] Among the early church fathers, it was noted that the offices of elder and bishop were identical, and were not differentiated until later, and that of elders was the norm for church government.

[ ] (347–420) 'In Epistle Titus', vol. Iv, said, 'Elder is identical with bishop; and before the urging of the devil gave rise to factionalism in religion, so much that it was being said among the people, 'I am of Paul, I of Apollos, I of Cephas', the churches were governed by a joint council of elders. After it was. Decreed throughout the world that one chosen from among the presbyters should be placed over the others.' This observation was also made by (349–407) in 'Homilia i, in Phil. I, 1' and (393–457) in 'Interpret ad.

Presbyterianism was first described in detail by of, who believed that the early Christian church implemented presbyterian polity. The first modern implementation was by the Geneva church under the leadership of in 1541. Basis [ ] Presbyterian polity is constructed on specific assumptions about the form of the government intended by the: • ' ' ( ' episcopos') and ' elder' (Koine Greek ' presbyteros') are (in this view) synonymous terms. Episcopos means literally overseer and describes the function of the elder, rather than the maturity of the officer. A holds the highest office of the church (there is no Patriarch or Pope over bishops). • Preaching (the ministry of the Word) and the administration of the sacraments is ordinarily entrusted to specially trained elders (known as ministers of the Word and, sometimes called 'teaching elders') in each local, approved for these tasks by a governing presbytery, or classis, and called by the local congregation.

• In addition to these ministers, there are also 'others with gifts for government commonly call[ed] 'elders' or 'ruling elders' (but not in the sense of ' presbyteros'). • Pastoral care,, leadership and legislation are committed to the care of ruling assemblies of presbyters among whom the ministers and 'ruling elders' are equal participants. • All Christian people together are the priesthood (see ), on behalf of whom the elders are called to serve by the consent of the congregation. Uses a conciliar method of church government (that is, leadership by the group or council).

Thus, the presbyters and 'elders' govern together as a group, and at all times the office is for the service of the congregation, to pray for them and to encourage them in the faith. The elders together exercise oversight (episcopacy) over the local congregation, with superior groups of elders gathered on a regional basis exercising wider oversight. Presbyterians typically have viewed this method of government as approximating that of the and earliest churches. However, sometimes it is admitted that episcopacy was a form of government that was used very early in the church for practical reasons. Presbyterianism is also distinct from, in that individual congregations are not independent, but are answerable to the wider church, through its governing bodies (presbyteries, synods and assemblies). Moreover, the ordained ministry possesses a distinct responsibility for preaching and sacraments. Download Free The Weathering Magazine Issue 01 Pdf Creator here.