For other uses, see and. The phrases a priori ( lit. 'from the earlier') and a posteriori ( lit. 'from the latter') are popularized by 's (first published in 1781, second edition in 1787), one of the most influential works in the. However, in their Latin forms they appear in Latin translations of 's, of about 300 BCE, a work widely considered during the period as the model for precise thinking. These terms are used with respect to reasoning () to distinguish 'necessary conclusions from first premises' (i.e., what must come before sense observation) from 'conclusions based on ' (which must follow it). Thus, the two kinds of,, or, may be glossed: • A priori knowledge or justification is independent of, as with (3 + 2 = 5), ('All bachelors are unmarried'), and from (e.g., ).

• or justification depends on or, as with most aspects of and. There are many points of view on these two types of knowledge, and their relationship gives rise to one of the oldest problems in. Avery Template 5164 here.

The terms a priori and a posteriori are primarily used as to modify the 'knowledge' (for example, ' a priori knowledge'). However, ' a priori' is sometimes used to modify other nouns, such as 'truth'. Philosophers also may use 'apriority' and 'aprioricity' as nouns to refer (approximately) to the quality of being ' a priori'.

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[ ] Although definitions and use of the terms have varied in the history of philosophy, they have consistently labeled two separate epistemological notions. See also the related distinctions: /,,. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Examples [ ] The intuitive distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge (or justification) is best seen via examples, as below: A priori Consider the proposition, 'If George V reigned at least four days, then he reigned more than three days.' This is something that one knows a priori, because it expresses a statement that one can derive by reason alone. A posteriori Compare this with the expressed by the sentence, 'George V reigned from 1910 to 1936.' This is something that (if true) one must come to know a posteriori, because it expresses an empirical fact unknowable by reason alone.